This research project was not designed to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between problem gambling and sleep troubles, or vice versa. Comorbid conditions are normally assumed to interrelate and strengthen each other, however, so the presence of sleeping disorders in problem or pathological gamblers is not a situation to be taken lightly. The sponsors of the UCLA study point out that gambling addiction frequently co-occurs with mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance abuse problems, and each of these conditions will exacerbate and be exacerbated by sleep disorders. Additionally, other studies have shown that sleep disturbances are associated with poor decision-making, reduced risk aversion and a lack of impulse control, all of which are implicated in compulsive, habitual gambling. Even though more research into the specific aspects of the gambling-insomnia connection is needed, addiction specialists working with pathological and problem gamblers should be screening for sleep disorders and taking the results of those tests very seriously as they forge their treatment plans.
Exploring the Tangled Relationship Between Gambling Addiction and Sleep Disorders
Nonparaphilic CSB is currently not recognized in the DSM-5 but during the DSM revision process, diagnostic criteria were proposed for CSB (referred to as Hypersexuality Disorder) (Reid et al., 2012). In addition, during the DSM-5 process there was considerable debate concerning the relationship of CSB to substance addictions (Grant, Potenza, Weinstein & Gorelick, 2010; Goodman, 1992; Fong et al., 2012; Kor, Fogel, Reid & Potenza, 2013), and in fact, the proposed diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 Hypersexuality Disorder (for the purposes of this manuscript, CSB will be used interchangeably with Hypersexuality Disorder or just hypersexuality) seemed to reflect criteria used for substance use disorders (Appendix) (Kafka, 2010). With the exclusion of CSB from the DSM-5, the issue of how best to conceptualize CSB continues to remain unresolved (Barth & Kinder, 1987; Carnes, 1992; Grant et al., 2014; Levine & Troiden, 1988).
Neuropsychopharmacological and psychological research on pornography addiction conducted between 2015 and 2021 have concluded that most studies have been focused entirely or almost exclusively on men in anonymous settings, and the findings are contradicting.[27] Some researches support the idea that pornography addiction qualifies as a form of behavioral addiction into the umbrella construct of hypersexual behavior and/or a subset of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB),[citation needed] and should be treated as such, whereas others have detected the increased activation of ventral striatal reactivity in men for cues predicting erotic but not monetary rewards and cues signaling erotic pictures, therefore suggesting similarities between pornography addiction and conventional addiction disorders.[27]
Individuals who lack sufficient social connection and social support are found to run a higher risk of Internet addiction. They resort to virtual relationships and support to alleviate their loneliness.[47][48] As a matter of fact, the most prevalent applications among Internet addicts are chat rooms, interactive games, instant messaging, or social media.[46] Some empirical studies reveal that conflict between parents and children and not living with mother significantly associated with IA after one year.[49] Protective factors such as quality communication between parents and children[50] and positive youth development[51] are demonstrated, in turn, to reduce the risk of IA.
Neuropsychopharmacological and psychological research on pornography addiction conducted between 2015 and 2021 have concluded that most studies have been focused entirely or almost exclusively on men in anonymous settings, and the findings are contradicting.[22] Some researches support the idea that pornography addiction qualifies as a form of behavioral addiction into the umbrella construct of hypersexual behavior and/or a subset of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and should be treated as such, whereas others have detected the increased activation of ventral striatal reactivity in men for cues predicting erotic but not monetary rewards and cues signaling erotic pictures, therefore suggesting similarities between pornography addiction and conventional addiction disorders.[22]
Individuals who lack sufficient social connection and social support are found to run a higher risk of Internet addiction. They resort to virtual relationships and support to alleviate their loneliness.[41][42] As a matter of fact, the most prevalent applications among Internet addicts are chat rooms, interactive games, instant messaging, or social media.[40] Some empirical studies reveal that conflict between parents and children and not living with mother significantly associated with IA after one year.[43] Protective factors such as quality communication between parents and children[44] and positive youth development[45] are demonstrated, in turn, to reduce the risk of IA.
Many anthropological accounts of warfare in indigenous societies have described the taking of heads or other body parts as trophies. But almost nothing is known of the prevalence of trophy-taking of this sort in the armed forces of contemporary nation-states. This book is a history of this type of misconduct among military personnel over the past two centuries, exploring its close connections with colonialism, scientific collecting and concepts of race, and how it is a model for violent power relationships between groups. 2ff7e9595c
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